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SAN FRANCISCO Courtney Lee Jersey , June 10 (Xinhua) -- A team of researchers has for the first time discovered magnetism in the 2-D world of monolayers, or materials that are formed by a single atomic layer.


The findings, published this week in the journal Nature, demonstrate that magnetic properties can exist even in the 2-D realm, opening a world of potential applications, as magnetic materials form the basis of technologies that play increasingly pivotal roles in our lives today.


""What we have discovered here is an isolated 2-D material with intrinsic magnetism, and the magnetism in the system is highly robust Charles Oakley Jersey ,"" said Xiaodong Xu, a professor of physics and of materials science and engineering at the University of Washington (UW). ""We envision that new information technologies may emerge based on these new 2-D magnets.""


Xu and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) physics professor Pablo Jarillo-Herrero led the international team of researchers who proved that the material, chromium triiodide, or CrI3, has magnetic properties in its monolayer form.


Other groups, including co-author Michael McGuire at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed for the United States Department of Energy Bernard King Jersey , had previously shown that CrI3, in its multilayered, 3-D, bulk crystal form, is ferromagnetic. In ferromagnetic materials, the ""spins"" of constituent electrons, analogous to tiny Anthony Mason Jersey , subatomic magnets, align in the same direction even without an external magnetic field.


However, no 3-D magnetic substance had previously retained its magnetic properties when thinned down to a single atomic sheet.


""You simply cannot accurately predict what the electric, magnetic, physical or chemical properties of a 2-D monolayer crystal will be based on the behavior of its 3-D bulk counterpart,"" co-lead author and UW doctoral student Bevin Huang was quoted as saying in a news release from the university in U.S. Pacific Northwest.


Atoms within monolayer materials are considered ""functionally"" two-dimensional because the electrons can only travel within the atomic sheet, like pieces on a chessboard.


The researchers used a special type of microscopy to detect a signature in CrI3 Allan Houston Jersey , as in other ferromagnetic materials when a beam of polarized light is reflected off the material's surface, indicative of intrinsic ferromagnetism in an isolated monolayer.


And surprisingly, in CrI3 flakes that are two layers thick, the telltale optical signature disappeared. This indicates that the electron spins are oppositely aligned to one another, a term known as anti-ferromagnetic ordering. Ferromagnetism returned in three-layer CrI3.


Yet to conduct further studies to understand why CrI3 displayed these layer-dependent magnetic phases, Xu noted that ""2-D monolayers alone offer exciting opportunities to study the drastic and precise electrical control of magnetic properties, which has been a challenge to realize using their 3-D bulk crystals.


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ST. PETERSBURG, Russia, Jun. 1 (Xinhua) -- The 21st St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF 2017) opened here Thursday as participants called for a fairer distribution of globalization's benefits.


Under the theme ""In search of a new balance in the global economy"", the forum is expected to attract a total of 12,000 attendees from across the world, including heads of states and governments Tim Hardaway Jr. Knicks Jersey , business leaders and experts.


Russian President Vladimir Putin said that the world economy is beginning to show signs of having overcome the recession, but it is also facing certain challenges and risks.


""The major changes taking place today require the world to take effective measures to improve international governance so as to achieve a fairer distribution of globalization's benefits for all populations, thereby ensuring sustainable and balanced development."" Putin said.


During the opening ceremony, Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, also said that globalization and technology have expanded the wealth gap.


""An upturn in the global economy does not solve all problems. Fragility is everywhere. Population growth, rapid urbanization Enes Kanter Knicks Jersey , food insecurity, water scarcity, and above all climate change... These global trends are weighing on the fragilities and linked to conflicts in the world."" he noted.


That is why it is important to urge reforms in all sectors and find solutions to make globalization more fair, he added.


Various discussions on the global economy, scientific and technological research and development, Russia's economy and the world's economic prospects will be held during the the three-day forum.


A string of contracts and agreements covering a wide-ranging sectors are expected to be signed during the forum, which Putin said will help expand international cooperation.


Founded in 1997 Patrick Ewing Knicks Jersey , the SPIEF is an international platform to discuss key economic issues facing Russia, developing countries and the world at large.



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BUDAPEST, July 24 (Xinhua) -- Chinese swimmer Sun Yang made a strong comeback to finish third in men's 200m freestyle semifinals and secured a final spot at the 17th FINA World Championships here on Monday.


Two championships records were shattered, by Sweden's Sarah Sjostrom in women's 100m butterfly and Britain's Adam Peaty in men's 100m breaststroke, respectively.